What is the primary method of reproduction for curly-leaf pondweed?

The primary method of reproduction for curly-leaf pondweed is through rhizomes and turions. Rhizomes are underground stems that can produce new plants, allowing the species to spread effectively in aquatic environments. Turions, on the other hand, are specialized structures that form in response to environmental conditions, particularly in preparation for winter. They can remain dormant and then germinate when conditions are favorable, aiding in the plant's survival and expansion.

This method of reproduction allows curly-leaf pondweed to establish and maintain populations efficiently across various habitats, often leading to its proliferation in lakes and ponds. Other methods such as fragmentation and seed propagation do occur but are not as significant as rhizomes and turions in the life cycle of curly-leaf pondweed.