Which invasive plant has pesticide-resistant reproductive structures that can lie dormant in the substrate?

The invasive plant that is known for having pesticide-resistant reproductive structures that can lie dormant in the substrate is curly-leaf pondweed. This aquatic plant produces turions, which are specialized dormant structures that allow it to survive adverse conditions, such as herbicide applications or unfavorable environmental factors. These turions can remain viable in the sediment for extended periods, enabling the plant to re-establish itself when conditions improve.

Invasive plants like curly-leaf pondweed pose significant challenges in aquatic ecosystems due to their ability to reproduce and spread rapidly, even in the face of management efforts such as herbicide treatments. Understanding their reproductive mechanisms is crucial for developing effective management strategies to control their populations and mitigate their impact on native aquatic environments.